A conventional production fed-batch process involves a multi-stage seed expansion and elaborate clarification steps to isolate the protein of interest from other process impurities. The current ...

A photo of technicians working in front of a process train. Novartis's continuous manufacturing center in Basel, Switzerland, replicates an end-to-end manufacturing process developed at the ...

Nature makes amide bonds—the key linkages that string together amino acids in a polypeptide—like a knitting whiz. The ribosome in Escherichia coli bacteria, for example, can make eight amide bonds in ...